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Historians have interpreted the record of human struggle for survival in different ways, varying from a pessimistic to a cautiously optimistic approach. But there is no doubt that human destiny is shaped by the success or failure of human responses to challenges faced collectively as a society (Pendse). Historical records suggest that natural disasters, human violence, and war are common; humans and human groups are also quite capable of using violence and/or collaboration in the process of seeking resources, establishing status, and dominating other humans (Robert, Norwood, & Fullerton, 2004).